I have an idea for a kind of crash course in Vietnamese - a handy reference explaining the more commonly confusing aspects of how the language works. This is what I've written so far - I'll move it to its own blog (albeit linked from this) when I've written enough to make that worthwhile.
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-Plurals
(ie. when we have more than one of something) don't work the same as
in English, eg. "phim" means both "film" and
"films". We sometimes use the plural marker “các”
to specify that something is plural (eg.
“các người” for “people”)
or “một” (“one”)
to specify that there's only one (eg. “một
sinh viên” for “one student”),
but usually it's left open and figured out
from context. Usually we'll specify one or
many or a specific number when we're talking about specific
instances, and leave it unspecified when we're talking about things
in general.
-Vietnamese
technically doesn't have adjectives – what it has is lots of
special verbs which mean “to be [adjective]”, which we usually
translate as adjectives. This is why (for instance) “cao” is
sometimes translated as “tall” and sometimes as “to be tall”.
This is also why “tôi là cao” is
incorrect – it means “I am am tall”. The
correct sentence is simply “tôi
cao.”
-Vietnamese
words often have spaces in them, eg. “sinh viên” (student).
This is important to remember, because otherwise “tôi là
sinh viên” (“I am a student”)
will seem to mean “I am a birth pill”. This is likely to cause
confusion.
-There
are two different types of funny marks. The first type makes letters
into different letters, and
the second type is actual tone marks. Here's the first type:
-Hats:
'a', 'ă' and 'â' are all different letters. So are 'e' and 'ê',
and 'o' and 'ô'.
-Horns:
'o' and 'ơ' are different letters. So are
'u' and 'ư'.
-Stroke:
'd' and 'đ' are different letters.
These
marks don't combine – a letter can't have both a hat and a horn,
for instance.
There
are 6 actual tone marks, independent of the fancy letters above. For
example:
ma
(ghost)
mã
(horse)
mả
(tomb)
mà
(but)
má
(cheek)
mạ
(rice seedling)
Those
6 words all have the exact same letters, but different tones. The
tones combine with the marks that make special letters, eg. “mấy”
(how much/many) and “một”
(one). A dictionary will list words in order of letters first
(including hats horns and stroke), and then according to tones.
Dictionaries will also ignore spaces in words, which can be confusing
at first. Get some practice looking words up in a user-friendly
dictionary (I recommend Collins Gem), and you'll get used to it.
--
-Pronunciation
---Tones
(how they're actually pronounced)
---The
“musical” concept, its implications, and how it comes from
laziness.
-Numbers
– how they work, including 'lẻ'
---Time
---Date
-Sentence
structure and word order